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Networking Basics

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Advanced Networking

What is NIC – Network Interface Card ?

  • A network interface card (NIC) connects a computer to a computer network. It is also sometimes referred to as a network adapter.
  • It uses a cable that is connected to a hub or a switch.
  • Each NIC has its own media access control (MAC) address. The MAC address is a unique physical (hardware) identifier. It is assigned by the manufacturer, and is used to identify the sender and receiver of data.

Classification basis of Speed :

  • 10MBPs
  • 100MBPs
  • 1GBPs
  • 10GBPs

1gbps10gbps

Network Card Elements :

RJ45 Jack/Plug

Card Identification : MAC(Media Access Control)  Address 8 digit hex code

Network cable

Most network nodes are linked together by using some type of cabling. Three types of cables are commonly used for networks:

  • Coaxial
  • Twisted Pair
  • Fiber Optic


Coaxial :

  • A coaxial cable (or coax) contains a central conductor wire (typically copper) that is surrounded by an insulating material.
  • This insulating material, in turn, is surrounded by a braided metal shield. The entire cable is then enclosed in a jacket.
  • Today, the most common uses for coaxial cables are to connect a cable TV modem to an internet service provider (ISP), and to connect TVs to cable boxes.


Twisted Pair:

  • The most common type of computer, telephone, and network cable is known as a twisted-pair. It is more commonly known as an Ethernet cable.
  • The cable consists of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires that are bundled together in the same jacket.
  • Twisted-pair cabling is available in two types:
  • shielded (STP)
  • unshielded (UTP)

shielding further prevents electromagnetic interference.


Fiber Optic :

A fiber-optic cable has four components:

  1.     Glass fiber (the core)
  2.     Cladding (the part that makes the light reflect down the fiber)
  3.     Buffer material (for strength)
  4.     Insulating jacket

A fiber-optic cable transmits light instead of electricity. Thus, it is a good choice for use in areas that have high levels of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and for long-distance transmissions. A single copper cable cannot carry data more than a few hundred meters, but a single piece of fiber-optic cabling can transmit data over distances of several kilometers.



NIC Generations : standards by IEEE 802.3

Cat 3 – Class e (ethernet) : 10Mbps

Cat 5 – Class f (fast ethernet) : 100Mbps

Class g (gigabyte ethernet) : 1Gbps